This appears to be a case of myocardial infarction (most probably a STEMI but the presentation appears to be late)
Here is a case report - where a person evolved into STEMI while in direct observation (with serial EKG)
A case report - where the chest pain has already resolved
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg126/resources/chest-pain-algorithm-clinical-case-scenarios-pdf-243970669
And another (again not MI)
https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg126/resources/chest-pain-algorithm-clinical-case-scenarios-pdf-243970669
Next step literature review - there appears to be many publications that have evaluated the validity of cohort definitions (or atleast code sets) in observational data. From common attributes that i was able to find
Thank you again Ms. Gayle Murray for leading the effort on this systematic literature search. Her contribution is also described here
- Many have limited to age > 18, some have limited to age > 65
- Many have provided PPV, but only two have provided other measures such as sensitivity and specificity
- Some limited the definitions to inpatient/hospitalizations only.
- Some have used the primary diagnosis to limited eligible population.
Some key materials are
Based on the literature search - the codes used by various literature sources were collated (presenting only ICD and DRG for simplicity)
| Code | Vocabulary |
|---|---|
| 121 | DRG |
| 122 | DRG |
| 123 | DRG |
| I21 | ICD10 |
| I21.x | ICD10 |
| I22 | ICD10 |
| I23 | ICD10 |
| I21.x | ICD-10-CM |
| I22.x | ICD-10-CM |
| 410.0 | ICD9 |
| 410.01 | ICD9 |
| 410.02 | ICD9 |
| 410.1 | ICD9 |
| 410.11 | ICD9 |
| 410.12 | ICD9 |
| 410.2 | ICD9 |
| 410.21 | ICD9 |
| 410.22 | ICD9 |
| 410.3 | ICD9 |
| 410.31 | ICD9 |
| 410.32 | ICD9 |
| 410.4 | ICD9 |
| 410.41 | ICD9 |
| 410.42 | ICD9 |
| 410.5 | ICD9 |
| 410.51 | ICD9 |
| 410.52 | ICD9 |
| 410.6 | ICD9 |
| 410.61 | ICD9 |
| 410.62 | ICD9 |
| 410.7 | ICD9 |
| 410.71 | ICD9 |
| 410.72 | ICD9 |
| 410.7x | ICD9 |
| 410.8 | ICD9 |
| 410.81 | ICD9 |
| 410.82 | ICD9 |
| 410.9 | ICD9 |
| 410.91 | ICD9 |
| 410.91; | ICD9 |
| 410.92 | ICD9 |
| 410.x | ICD9 |
| 410.x0 | ICD9 |
| 410.x1 | ICD9 |
| 410.xx | ICD9 |
| 410 | ICD-9 |
| 410 | ICD9CM |
| 410.x | ICD9CM |
| 410.X0 | ICD9CM |
| 410.X1 | ICD9CM |
These lists of ICD-9 and 10 codes are very similar to those I’ve used to identify acute myocardial infarction in studies I’ve worked on. However, when our goal has been to identify an actual AMI event date, we don’t include codes for old MI (ICD-9 412 and ICD-10 I25.2), or any codes indicating a “subsequent episode of care”, such as 410.x2 (where ‘x’ can be 0 through 9).
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Agreed, @ershanno. I know in past OHDSI trainings (and in the cohort definition in Atlas Phenotype), we’ve simply excluded old MI from the MI standard concept, but it does look like concept 45766114 (Subsequent ST segment elevation myocardial infarction) could be a candidate for exclusion as well. I am trying to see if this concept truly acts a “subsequent” event in our data.
The ICD9CM range for old subsequent MIs (410.x2) do not seem to map to anything about the event being subsequent. Perhaps a mapping fix is needed?
So @Ajit_Londhe @ershanno what do you think of the clinical description written here
I agree with you the old MI does not fit well here - do you think we need to clarify that in our clinical description?
I know it’s a little off topic but I think this is where your use case maters. If you need to know that today is the day that you first had a heart attack this is very different from knowing if you have had an AMI or CAD or UA in the past for trial inclusion or covariate adjustment. We validated and fairly easily do you meet a clinical condition for outreach for enrollment in a clinical trial: Validation of a claims-based algorithm identifying eligible study subjects in the ADAPTABLE pragmatic clinical trial
A dental (they make me smile!) note indicating past medical history and medication reconciliation is enough to aid in confirmation of trial eligibility. Versus I need to know that today is the day some period post exposure to a COX-2 inhibitor that you first had an AMI.
Our clinical descriptions may change across research settings necessitating alternate phenotypes.
Absolutely - that why we want make writing of clinical description upfront a best practice.
So i think we agree - every cohort definition should accompany a clinical description that is based on the use case.
Just built the cohorts and am executing cohort diagnostics - lets review results tomorrow
I am anxious to learn from Cohort Diagnostics - can we truly differentiate between STEMI/NSTEMI/UA/Chronic Angina. In previous OHDSI work - i believe we have not differentiated between them.
@Ajit_Londhe and @ershanno do you have any additional insight on subsequent MI codes. From a pure semantic meaning - this would still be MI but
- if used for first time in persons history it might represent index date misclassification
- if used for cohort definitions where a person may be allowed to enter the cohort many times, it would be acceptable.
For example - i found this previous commentary on this topic Current ICD10 codes are insufficient to clearly distinguish acute myocardial infarction type: a descriptive study - PubMed
In ARES for the Truven CCAE datasource - i see for
Subsequent non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction a pretty stable temporal pattern
There is decline in
Across the OHDSI network the counts are low for the subsequent code - but not insignificant
compared to the full set
Notice: the counts for old MI - they are pretty large compared to the subsequent codes
Evaluation of phenotypes for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Insights on sensitivity errors:
- Cohort count diagnostic:
- Data sources without capture of inpatient care introduces missing data problem with sensitivity errors. This does not mean inpatient should be part of the cohort definition. It means that if we do a study on myocardial infarction in a data source with no inpatient capture - we may potentially miss about 50% of persons who had acute myocardial infarction. In datasources with inpatient visit data - inpatient concept was present in more than 50% suggesting substantial difference by cohort definition in same data source. About 20% of persons appear to be have MI without an inpatient stay. The rate is higher in JMDC compared to US datasources indicating a lower specificity in JMDC. Inference do not use datasources that do not capture inpatient data for this phenotype.
- Incidence Rate - Notice: for this diagnostic i tend to remove extremes of age and strata’s that have low counts (< 50)
- Incidence rate diagnostics shows temporal stability in the age strata with higher cohort proportion. Inference all the cohort definitions are temporally stable.
- Incidence rate is higher among Males compared to Females in most strata. Inference This is in line with clinical description.
- Index event breakdown
- Few codes account for majority of the persons entry criteria and vast majority have low or zero counts. This shows that we are less likely to have sensitivity errors because of missing codes. Inference: orphaned codes are less likely to impact sensitivity.
- Index Event Breakdown shows that when filtering to ICD10CM - usage of cods for NSTEMI/STEMI
but filtering to ICD9CM does not have NSTEMI/STEMI
Inference studies that need the NSTEMI/STEMI classification of MI maybe limited to 2016 onwards - Non US datasource does not have NSTEM/STEMI codes, except CPRD Inference Although NSTEM/STEMI/ACS reflects contemporary definitions of Acute Myocardial Infarction - its not captured in source codes in many regions in the world.
- Visit Context
- Inpatient visit is the most common visit that starts simultaneous with the cohort start date.
- Majority of persons in the cohort had an outpatient visit in the 30days after cohort start date. Inference persons experienced an event on index date that was associated with a subsequent care in the short term future (< 30 days)
- Majority of the persons were NOT experiencing an inpatient visit or ER visit in the period immediately prior to cohort start date. Inference: This suggests that in majority of persons the event of acute myocardial infarction is not part of a ongoing care episode - but potentially an event that started after an apparent period when no active care was sought.
- Cohort Characterization:
- The vast majority of persons are coded with covariates expected to occur on Day 0 - Inference cohort definitions have good specificity.
- These covariate are higher for the cohort definition that requires inpatient admission - indicating that the specificity increases
compare to lower specificity for the cohort that does not include inpatient admission
Inference: This suggests that when we limit to persons who receive inpatient stay because that increases specificity. The loss in sensitivity may be upto 30% - Covariates on day 0 - that are observed in atleast 10% of persons include EKG, stress test/imaging. Inference These covariates may be used to improve the specificity in a cohort definition that does not require inpatient stay. Build a cohort of persons who have myocardial infarction but do not have the following covariates on index date. This cohort may be expected to have lowest sensitivity. Research idea: Can we build a rubric to identify covariates that when present/not present change the performance characteristics of cohort.
- Below we see covariates that are related to myocardial infarction in the period immediately prior to index date. We observe the rates to be low for EKG and Angina related concepts. Even the broad chest pain concept has a rate of up to 10% inference suggesting the upper limit of index date misclassification to be less than 10%, but in reality its much lower.
Use of EKG
Angina
Chest Pain
Next steps:
- Consider for persons who are not admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction - requiring that they have markers of severe disease such as EKG and chest pain.
Evaluation of phenotypes for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
(reserved)
Evaluation of phenotypes for Non ST elevation Myocardial Infarction
(reserved)